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    状语从句变分词短语_浅议定语从句和状语从句与分词(短语)的转换

    时间:2018-12-26 03:42:59 来源:雅意学习网 本文已影响 雅意学习网手机站

      摘要: 在高职英语分词的课堂教学中,为了使学生能够正确地使用分词(短语),教师常常通过将从句转换成分词(短语)的方法来达到这一目的。本文就如何将定语从句或状语从句转换成分词(短语)以及转换时应注意的地方进行了阐述。
      关键词: 定语从句 状语从句 转换成分词(短语)
      
      正确使用分词(短语)能够使语句简练、有文采。但是在高职英语语法――分词这一部分的教学中,我们会发现学生不能掌握好其用法,尤其是何时用现在分词、何时用过去分词。因此,教师常常会通过将从句转化成分词(短语)的方法来帮助学生解决这个难题。不过在转换过程中必须遵循一定的规则,不然就会导致错误的发生。下面我就着重谈谈如何将定语从句和状语从句转换成分词(短语),以及转换时应注意的事项。
      
      一、定语从句转换成分词(短语)
      
      当以关系代词引导的定语从句作定语,且关系代词在从句中作主语时,我们可以将定语从句转换成分词(短语)。例如:
      1)Most African countries are countries which are developing.
      →Most African counties are developing countries.
      绝大多数的非洲国家是发展中国家。
      2)This is a cup which is broken.
      →This is a broken cup.
      这是一只打碎的杯子。
      3)She is the girl who is swimming in the river over there.
      →She is the girl swimming in the river over there.
      她就是在那边河里游泳的女孩。
      4)He was reading a novel which was written by Charles Dickens.
      →He was reading a novel written by Charles Dickens.
      他正在看一本查尔斯・狄更斯写的小说。
      5)She collected the flowers that had fallen and buried them.
      →She collected the fallen flowers and buried them.
      她把落花收集起来,将它们埋在地下。
      从以上例句中可以看出,如果定语从句的谓语是主动语态,且发生的时间与主句的谓语所表示的动作所发生的时间同时,此时可以将定语从句转换成现在分词(短语),如上面的例句1)和3)。如果定语从句的谓语是被动语态,或者是“系动词+过去分词(表语)”结构,且从句的谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是在主句的谓语之前发生或无明确的时间,此时,我们可以将定语从句转换成过去分词(短语),如上例2)和4)。有时定语从句谓语虽然是主动语态,但它表示的动作在主句谓语之前就已经完成,这时我们可以将定语从句转换成过去分词(短语),如上例5)。
      但是,以下几种情况,一般不可以把定语从句转换为分词(短语)。
      1.虽然关系代词作定语从句的主语,但如果从句的谓语中含有情态动词,则不能转换成分词(短语)。这是由于分词(短语)没有情态动词意义,不可以表达说话人的情感、态度。例如:
      Those who must finish their work before lunch are working very hard now.
      那些必须在午饭前完成工作的人现在在努力的工作呢。
      此句不宜转换成:
      Those finishing their work before lunch are working very hard now.
      2.如果关系代词在从句中作主语,且从句谓语是完成时主动语态,一般不转换成分词(短语)。换句话说,分词完成体一般不能作定语。例如:
      The flower survived the fire that had engulfed the marketplace.That is why we call it “Fire on the Mountain”.
      这种花在吞噬了这个集市的大火中幸存了下来。这就是为什么我们叫它“山中之火”的原因。
      此句不宜写成:
      The flower survived the fire having engulfed the marketplace.That is why we call it “Fire on the Mountain”.
      但是,如果定语从句的先行词是泛指的,有时也可用分词的完成体作定语。例如:
      Any student who has donated money to the disaster area is worth praising.
      任何已向灾区捐款的学生都值得表扬。
      此句可以写成:
      Any student having donated money to the disaster area is worth praising.
      3.以关系代词引起的非限制性定语从句,当关系代词指的是前面整个句子,而不是指代前面的某个先行词时,不能将这个非限制性定语从句转换成分词(短语)。例如:
      We had to sleep in our wet clothes,which was most uncomfortable.
      我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡觉,这简直太不舒服了。
      此句不宜写成:
      We had to sleep in our wet clothes,being most uncomfortable.
      4.关系代词作定语从句中的主语,且从句谓语是主动语态,如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语之前或之后,此时不能把定语从句转换成分词短语。例如:
      1)Most of the guests who visited our college yesterday are from Australia.
      昨天来参观我们学院的大多数的客人是澳大利亚人。
      此句不宜改写成:
      Most of the guests visiting our college yesterday are from Australia.
      2)This is the professor who is going to teach us English next term.
      这位就是下学期要教我们英语的教授。
      此句不宜改写成:
      This is the professor teaching us next term.
      
      二、状语从句转换成分词(短语)
      
      当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时,一般可以转换成分词(短语)。可以转换成分词(短语)的从句通常有以下几种。例如:
      1.原因状语从句。
      As they were inspired by her example,the League members worked even harder.
      在她的榜样的鼓舞下,共青团员们干得更起劲了。
      此句可以改写成:
      Inspired by her example,the League members worked even harder.
      2.时间状语从句。
      When he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.
      当听到这个好消息时,他高兴得跳了起来。
      此句可以改写成:
      Hearing he good news,he jumped with joy.
      3.条件状语从句。
      If we are united,we stand;if we are devided,we fall.
      团结则存,分裂则亡。
      此句可以改写成:
      United,we stand;divided,we fall.
      4.让步状语从句。
      Though they were beaten by the opposite team,the players were not discouraged and practiced even harder.
      虽然被对方打败,但队员们没有泄气,反而更加刻苦训练。
      此句可以改写成:
      Beaten by the opposite team,the players were not discouraged and practiced even harder.
      当分词(短语)作伴随状语或者现在分词(短语)作结果状语时,往往可以转换成并列句中的一个分句。例如:
      He came back,utterly exhausted.
      =He came back and he was utterly exhausted.
      他回来时,疲惫不堪。
      Her mother died in 1969,leaving her with four younger brothers and sisters.
      =Her mother died in 1969,and as a result she left her with four younger brothers and sisters.
      1969年她母亲死了,抛下她和4个弟妹。
      当状语从句的主语和主句的主语不相同时,转换成分词(短语)时,必须在分词(短语)之前写上分词的逻辑主语。例如:
      When night came on,we started for home.
      夜幕降临时,我们动身回家了。
      此句可以改写成:
      Night coming on,we started for home.
      有些状语从句转换成分词(短语)时可以带上引导该从句的连词,使分词(短语)与主句关系更清楚。连词有:when,while,if,though,after,before,as等,例如:
      While he was waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
      当他在那儿等侯的时候,他看见两位漂亮的女孩从那幢大楼里走了出来。
      此句可以改写成:
      While waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
      这类“连词+分词”的结构也可看作省略了主语和助动词be的状语从句。例如:
      While(he was)waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
      又如:
      If(it is)carefully done,the experiment will be successful.
      如果细心地去做,这个实验就会成功的。
      Don’t speak until(you are)spoken to.
      等到有人跟你讲话你再讲。
      如果在“连词+现在分词”的结构中的现在分词是由状态动词构成的,那就不存在省略助动词be的问题,因为状态动词通常不用于进行体,这类状态动词通常是①表示感觉(不由自主的动作)的动词,如feel,hear,see,smell等;②表示感情和情绪的动词,如admire(=respect),dislike,fear,hate,like,want,wish等;③表示拥有的动词,如belong,owe,own等。例如:
      Although knowing French,he wrote his applications in English.
      =Although he knew French,he wrote his applications in English.
      ≠Although he was knowing French,he wrote his applications in English.
      虽然他会法语,但他还是用英语写了申请。
      
      参考文献:
      [1]Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech, J. Svartvik.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longmon,1985.
      [2]王芳.高职高专英语语法精讲与训练.山东科学技术出版社,2004.8.1.

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