化学专业英语常用句型例谈:初中化学必背知识点
时间：2019-01-07 03:22:04 来源：雅意学习网 本文已影响 人 
摘 要： 分解反应、歧化反应、中和反应、还原反应、氧化反应是无机化学中重要的反应，本文分析了发生这些反应的无机物，并列举了它们发生反应及反应条件的英文句型表达方式，希望对化学专业英语教学提供一些参考和借鉴作用。
关键词： 化学专业 常用句型 英语教学
化学专业英语是查阅和阅读化学外文文献和撰写外文资料的重要的基础课程，该门课程的教学不仅涵盖了化学各学科的专业词汇和化学术语的教学上，更重要的方面还包括化学专业英语常用句型，具体的是化学性质、结构、反应、制备、用途等表达方式的教学上。如何才能完整准确地表达化学专业英语，上好双语课程和写出规范的化学英文论文，探讨化合物在性质、反应、结构、制备、用途上的常用句型和搭配方式规律是很重要的。本文从无机化合物典型的化学反应来探讨化学专业英语常用句型表达方式。
一、分解反应句型
在无机化合物中碳酸氢盐、氯酸盐、硝酸盐、过氧化氢、碳酸等易于分解，这些化合物分解常需加热或催化剂，表示它们分解反应的词为decompose或decomposition，常用句型如下：
（1）When water containing HCO is heated，the bicarbonate ion rapidly decomposes to give carbonate，carbon dioxide，and water.
（2）When compounds containing nitrates are heated，they do not readily release all of the oxygenatoms in the compound.They decompose to give a compound that is a nitrite along with oxygen gas.
（3）When compounds containing chlorates are heated，they decompose to give the metal chloride and oxygen gas.
（4）Hydrogen peroxide undergoes decomposition in the presence of catalyst to produce oxygen gas and water.The iodide ion or MnO2 catalyzes this reaction.
（5）Carbonic acid is a very unstable substance and decomposes to give carbon dioxide and water.
经常对具有分解反应的无机物加以综合，不仅有助于专业英语的学习，也有助于无机化学的学习。另外，某些金属碳酸盐、氢氧化物等也可发生分解反应。
二、歧化反应
歧化反应也是无机化学中的重要反应，三价猛和锰酸盐在溶液中会发生歧化反应，氯和溴在碱性介质中也易歧化，氧化亚铜在稀硫酸酸性条件下岐化为二价铜和金属铜。掌握一些无机物的歧化反应结合化合物的名称和两个英语词汇disproportionation和disproportionate可以用专业英语很好地描述该反应。
（1）Mn3+ is unstable；its disproportionation is spontaneous.
（2）Manganate ion is also instable in unstable in acidic solution；its disproportionation gives permanganate and manganese（II）ion.
（3）In the sodium carbonate solutions，bromine disproportionates to form sodium bromide and sodium bromate.
（4）Chlorate salts form when Cl2 disproportionates in hot alkaline solutions.Hypochlorites form in cold alkaline solutions.
三、中和反应
在无机反应中，酸碱中和形成盐发生中和反应，常用的词汇有名词neutralization和动词neutralize。它们在句子中的位置及描述该反应的句型如下：
（1）CaCl2 is a salt formed during the neutralization reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium hydroxide.
（2）A salt and water are formed when sulfuric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide.
（3）A neutralization reaction involves the combination of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to form water.
（4）Ammonia undergoes neutralization reaction with hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride.
四、还原反应句型
金属的制备或冶炼等常用还原法，reduction和reduce可用于描写还原反应。典型的例句如下：
（1）After purification，the tin（IV） oxide is reduced with carbon to produce tin metal.
（2）Calcium，strontium，and barium are obtained by the reduction of their oxides with aluminum.
（3）Tin（II）chloride is a good reducing agent and is used in the quantitative analysis iron ores to reduce Fe（III）to Fe （II）in aqueous solution.
（4）Pb（IV）compounds tend to undergo reduction to compounds of Pb（II）and therefore good oxidizing agents.
（5）Chromium（II）compounds can be prepared by the reduction of Cr（III）compounds with zinc in acidic solution.
（6）Pure Cr can be obtained in small amounts by reducing Cr2O3 with Al in a reaction similar to the thermite reaction.
五、氧化反应句型
硝酸、浓硫酸、高锰酸钾、重铬酸钾等都是强氧化剂，有关它们的反应涉及氧化反应，常见氧化反应句型如下：
本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文 （1）Both Cu and Ag react with concentrated H2SO4 or HNO3.The metals are oxidized to Cu2+ and Ag+，respectively，and the reduction products are SO2 and NO.
（2）The HNO3 oxidizes the metal and Cl- from the HCl promotes the formation of the stable complex ion［AuCl4］-.
（3）Concentrated H2SO4 is a sufficiently strong oxidizing agent to oxidize Br- to Br2 and I- to I2.
（4）Then sulfur trioxide is produced by oxidizing SO2 in an exothermic，reversible reaction.
（5）Sulfites are good reducing agents and easily oxidized by O2.
（6）Ammonia and CuO can Undergo oxidation-reduction to form nitrogen.
（7）When copper reacts with dilute nitric acid，Copper is oxidized to copper（II） nitrate，and nitric acid is reduced to nitrogen monoxide.
（8）Firstly，ammonia is converted to NO by oxidation in the presence of platinum，followed by reaction with air and then water to yield nitric acid.
六、化合物电离
酸、碱、盐在水中电离出氢离子、氢氧根离子、正离子或阴离子。它们与化学反应不同，没有形成新的物质，只是离解出离子，可以用ionize和dissociate来描述。
（1）When ammonia dissolves in water，the aqueous solution partially ionize into ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.
（2）Nitric acid is a strong acid，it is completely ionized to hydrogen ion and nitrate ion.
（3）Water very slightly ionize to hydronium and hydroxide ions.
（4）Hydrogen sulfate ions dissociate in water into hydrogen ion and sulfate.
（5）Hydrosulfuric acid is a weak acid，it can partly ionize to hydrogen sulfide ion.
（6）Sulfuric acid is a strong diprotic acid and it almost completely ionize in water to hydrogen sulfate ion in the first step.
参考文献：
［１］Ralph H.Petrucci等.普通化学原理与应用（第八版影印版）.高等教育出版社.
［2］Michael Lewis.化学专业英语基础（图示教程）.上海外语教育出版社.
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