高考英语阅读理解解题 高考英语阅读理解标题配备题解题指导

　　标题配备题是高考英语阅读理解的重要题型之一，备考时应注意下列几点： 　　一、熟悉标题的语言特点 　　近几年高考英语阅读理解考查实践表明，高考英语阅读理解标题配备题常有下列几种形式：
　　1. 短语式
　　短语式标题可为单纯的名词短语，也可为带介词（表示范围）的名词或动名词短语，语言简洁，观点明确，立场分明。
　　Ireland, Past and Present( 2011年安徽卷)
　　Weakness and Kindness(2011年广东卷)
　　Banking on Gardening(2011年新课标全国卷)
　　2. 陈述句式
　　陈述句式标题为一个简短的陈述句，它可清晰表达作者的观点和写作目的。
　　Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archaeologists warn(2011年上海卷)
　　TV Will Better the World（2010年福建卷）
　　3. 疑问句式
　　疑问句式标题可为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句，也可为反意疑问句，这种标题发人深省，劝告力度大。
　　Shouldn’t We Know Who Invented the Windshield Wiper? (2011年江苏卷)
　　Why do I read?（2010年四川卷）
　　4.问答式
　　问答式标题由简短的问句和答句构成，问句常表示条件，答句常表示结果，观点逻辑性强，劝诫力度大。
　　Need speed? Slow down. (2011年四川卷)
　　二、了解标题的配备原则
　　标题的配备应遵循下列三个原则：
　　1. 高度的概括性
　　首先，标题必须用简短的文字反映文章的主题，对文章内容进行高度的浓缩，这样读者一看到标题就对文章将要介绍的内容有一个大致了解，就会带着期待性心理愉悦顺畅地阅读文章。
　　2. 强烈的针对性
　　虽然标题是对文章内容的高度概括，但也不能太过笼统、抽象、泛化，而失去对文章具体内容的指向，否则即使看到标题读者也无法了解文章的主题和所要介绍的大致内容，这样阅读文章就失去了方向感、成功感和满足感。
　　3. 一定的醒目性
　　任何标题的配备都是为了吸引读者，因此其必须精彩亮丽，具有一定的醒目性。这样，标题或短小精悍、言简意赅，或句式对称、丰满挺拔，或新颖时尚、情感动人，充满美感，醒人眼目。当然，配备标题时也不应一味追求醒目性而忽视高度的概括性和强烈的针对性，醒目性应服从于概括性和针对性，这是一个十分重要的原则。
　　三、掌握标题的配备方法
　　既然标题是用精彩简短的语言反映文章的主题，因此寻找关键信息提炼主题是解题的关键。实践表明，主题信息常常在文章的下列位置出现：
　　1. 文章首句
　　首句是文章最先展现在读者面前的具体内容，也常常是作者最想表达的观点，因此它最有可能成为文章主题。利用这一点常常可以快速寻找到主题信息成功配备标题。必须注意的是，阅读首句时停留时间要长，阅读次数要多，思考的深度应深，这样就不会因疏忽大意而错过在刚开始阅读文章时就捕捉住主题信息并成功提炼出主题的机会。
　　例1：原文：Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archaeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeology write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.（2011年上海卷阅读理解C篇首节）
　　试题：Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?（75题）
　　A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands
　　B. Research time should be extended, scientists require
　　C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say
　　D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archaeologists warn
　　分析：认真阅读分析原文第一节不难发现，首句Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archaeologists (考古学家) says.为主题信息，对其加以提炼不难推出D为正确答案。这是一个陈述句式标题，用朴素的语言清楚表明了作者的观点。
　　例2：原文：Ireland has had a very difficult history. The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer (征服) Ireland. For hundreds of years, the Irish people fought against the English. Finally, in 1921, the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland. The result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland, in the north, is part of the United Kingdom. The republic of Ireland, in the south, is an independent country. （2011年安徽卷阅读理解D篇首节）
　　试题：What can be the best title for the text?（71题）
　　A. Life in IrelandB. A Very Difficult History
　　C. Ireland, Past and PresentD. The Independence of Ireland
　　分析：认真阅读分析原文首节不难发现，首句Ireland has had a very difficult history.为主题信息，进行概念转换不难推出C为正确答案。这是一个短语式标题，用简短的文字清楚表明了文章的主题是介绍爱尔兰的过去和现在（历史）。
　　2. 文章首节其他位置
　　不少情况下作者在亮明自己观点之前需要先过渡一下，或先推出多个画面、举出特定例子然后亮明自己的观点，或先介绍错误观点然后道出正确观点。显然，首节其他内容尤其末句也很有可能成为主题信息，阅读时应仔细认真，弄清哪一个句子是作者真正想表达的观点，是其与读者真正想分享的内容。
　　例1：原文：In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animals. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy. （2011年广东卷阅读理解A篇首节）
　　试题： Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（30题）
　　A. Wheelchair ExperienceB. Weakness and Kindness
　　C. Weakness and StrengthD. A Driving Experience
　　分析：认真阅读分析原文不难发现，首节第三句But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.为主题信息，表明作者认为弱者的存在可以导致强者的善良，由此不难推出B为正确答案。这是一个短语式标题，用最简洁的文字揭示了弱者与善良之间的关系。
　　例2：原文：We know the famous ones―the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells―but what about the less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper (雨刮器)? Shouldn’t we know who they are?（2011年江苏卷阅读理解A篇首节）
　　试题：Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage? （59题）
　　A. How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers?
　　B. How to Design a Built-in Device for Cleaning the Window?
　　C. Shouldn’t We Know Who Invented the Windshield Wiper?
　　D. Shouldn’t We Develop Invention Courses in Universities?
　　分析：认真阅读分析原文首节不难发现，末句Shouldn’t we know who they are?为主题信息，追踪句中they的指代不难发现C为正确答案。这是一个反意疑问句式标题，语气坚定，劝告力度大。
　　例3：原文：Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husband’s income. So this year she did something more than a hobby (业余爱好): She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden, Ms. Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables. The family’s old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month. Last year, Ms. Rita Gartin kept a small garden. This year she has made it much larger because, she said, “The cost of everything is going up and I was looking to lose a few pounds, too; so it’s a win-win situation all around.” （2011年新课标全国卷阅读理解C篇首节）
　　试题：Which of the following might be the best title for the text?（66题）
　　A. Family Food PlanningB. Banking on Gardening
　　C. A Belt-tightening MoveD. Gardening as a Hobby
　　分析：原文首节末句中的The cost of everything is going up为主题信息，表明Cassandra Feeley在自家院子里开辟蔬菜园的目的是为了弥补生活费用的上涨，可见对她来说，开了一个蔬菜园就犹如开了一家园艺银行，用简洁的文字表达一下不难发现B为正确答案。这是一个短语式标题，用简洁的文字表明了文章的主题。
　　3. 文章末节
　　还有一些时候，作者先不直接亮明自己的观点，而用具体例子或详细的论证来展开文意，直到文章快要结束时才表明自己的观点，道出自己的写作目的。因此文章末节也有可能包含文章主题信息。阅读文章时如果不能在首节确定主题不要着急，应耐心阅读下文尤其末节，只有这样才能成功获取主题信息，正确配备标题。
　　例：原文：Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership. Teams that regularly take time to get things right, rather than plough ahead full bore, are more successful in meeting their business goals. That kind of strategy must come from the top. （2011年四川卷阅读理解E篇末节）
　　试题：Which could be the best title for the text?（60题）
　　A. Improve quality? Serve better.B. Deliver value? Plough ahead.
　　C. Reduce time? Move faster.D. Need speed? Slow down.
　　分析：认真阅读分析原文末节不难发现，Teams that regularly take time to get things right, rather than plough ahead full bore, are more successful in meeting their business goals. 含主题信息：商家不能不顾一切强调生产速度，造成产品质量下降，而应该定期花时间进行调整。精简一下语言不难推出D为正确答案。这是一个问答式标题，清楚地表达了欲速则不达、想快就要慢的道理，哲理性强，说服力强。
　　需要说明的是，有时文章也可能没有明确的主题信息，而需要考生读完文章后进行概括和总结。此时不能着急，而应沉着冷静地思考作者想表达的是什么观点，在赞扬什么，批评什么，从而准确概括出文章主题。有时文章每一段的段首有一个段落主题句，抓住这些段落主题句并联系起来思考一下，可以快速高效地概括文章内容提炼文章主题。限于篇幅，这里不再赘述。
　　

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