[阅读理解中主旨大意题解题技巧] 主旨大意题解题技巧
时间：2019-05-04 03:14:29 来源：雅意学习网 本文已影响 人 
在高考英语阅读理解中，主旨大意题是必考的阅读题型之一。主旨大意题包括概括文章大意、给文章选择适合的标题、指出作者的写作目的等。本文结合近五年广东高考英语试题来谈一谈这类试题的一些特点及解题技巧。
一、五年考情
二、命题方式
主旨大意题的类型与提问方式：
1. 概括文章中心思想或段落大意的题干。
What is the passage mainly about? （2008年第49题）
2. 考查作者的写作目的和意图的题干。
The purpose of the passage is ________. （2007、2008年第45题）
The passage is intended to ________. （2009年第45题）
What is the main purpose of the passage? （2011年第45题）
3. 选择标题的题干。
Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? （2007年第50题）
Which of the following is the best title for the passage? （2010年第50题、2011年第30题）
三、错误选项的特点
1. 无中生有或断章取义。即在短文中没有提到或有的选项中的某些词语取自文章中，但经过推敲之后你会发现这类选项的内容与文章的内容不相符合。（见例1）
2. 以偏概全。有些选项只阐述了文章的部分内容，这往往会让学生在选择答案时举棋不定。
[例1]（2011年广东） In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.
From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily...
Last month, when I was driving home on a busy highway, I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient…I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed.
No more angry shouts and no more horns!
When I put on my flashlights, ... But instead of getting impatient and angry, they waited, knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.
Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we don’t feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often, it would be better if we don’t pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. A Wheelchair Experience
B. Weakness and Kindness
C. Weakness and Strength
D. A Driving Experience
选项A和C是似是而非。选项A的wheelchair experience来自文章第二段（断章取义），有很大的迷惑性，但文章并不是介绍这次坐轮椅经历的具体过程或情况，只是说明坐轮椅是自己处于弱势，此时看到了人性中最美好的东西；选项C中的Weakness也取自于文章，其实文章根本不是谈“弱点和强项”，与主题毫无关系，属无中生有。
选项D是以偏概全。在第三至第五自然段都是叙述作者的A Driving Experience，但这只是一个细节，作者叙述这一细节的目的就在第六段，当你是弱者时不要假装强者。
由第一段中的But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people可知正确答案为B。
3. 概括不够或概括过度。即错误选项归纳的主题以部分代整体，或超出了文章实际所涉及的内容，缺乏针对性。 [例2]（2008年广东） Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families. Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago. Now they are comfortable and common ...
45. The purpose of the passage is to ________.
A. describe the difficulties today’s parents have met with
B. discuss the development of the parent-child relationship
C. suggest the ways to handle the parent-child relationship
D. compare today’s parent-child relationship with that in the past
选项A只提到当今的问题，以部分代整体；选项C和D超出了文章实际所涉及的内容，缺乏针对性。由第四段第一句中的Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow可知选B。
四、解题技巧
1. 大意类。
文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落大意主要由主题句来体现，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开，因此识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。
考生在做这类题时，要注意每段的主题句。文章的主题句大多位于开头或结尾，有时也位于文章的中间。有时文章没有明显的主题句，我们就要通过关键词来概括出主题句，进而归纳出文章的主题。以下是近五年广东高考英语试题阅读理解题部分篇章主题句在文中的位置：
从上表可以看出，2009年高考英语广东卷阅读理解题A篇没有主题句，遇到这种情况，考生应如何通过关键词来概括呢？找关键词，首先要注意找出题干与选项中的关键词，然后找出所读文章中的关键词，进行比较，选择正确答案。如2009年广东卷A篇：
Lisa was running late. Lisa, 25, had a lot to do at work, plus visitors on the way: her parents were coming in for...
Police and fire officials soon arrived, ...——just as he had been seconds after the rescue, which made her think about her reaction at the time...
45. The passage is intended to ________.
A. warn us of the danger in the subway
B. show US how to save people in the subway
C. tell us about a subway rescue
D. report a traffic accident
选项A的关键词是the danger, 选项B的关键词是how to save people，选项C的关键词是a subway rescue，选项D的关键词是a traffic accident，通读全文后可以发现，这篇文章的细节主要围绕关键词a subway rescue而展开，故正确答案为C。因此，抓住了关键词，就很容易找出文章的主旨大意。
2. 标题类。
文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。做这类题时，要把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项排除掉。例如2010年广东卷B篇：
When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying to say, “Well, it’s so-and-so’s fault.” or “I know I’m late, but it’s not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winner’s key to success.
Winners ars great at overcoming problems. For example, ...For another example, ...
This is what being a winner is all about... Winners don’t have fewer problems... They are just better at seeing those problems as challenges and opportunities...
50. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. A Winner’s Secret.
B. A Winner’s Problem.
C. A Winner’s Opportunity.
D. A Winner’s Achievement.
文章第二段主要讲成功者解决问题时所采取的方法和态度，选项B范围过窄，概括不够；选项C中的opportunity取自文章第三段，是断章取义；选项D是无中生有，故正确选项为A。
总而言之，主旨大意题是考生容易出错的题型之一，但只要我们掌握并运用行之有效的解题技巧，在理解文章内容的基础上仔细对比四个选项之间的差异，定能选出正确答案。
(作者单位：开平市长师中学）
责任编校 蒋小青
