【对外贸易中的订货与法律效力】在古代中国,丝绸是对外贸易中
时间：2018-12-29 03:29:47 来源：雅意学习网 本文已影响 人 
摘 要： 改革开放二十多年来，我国的对外贸易取得了令人瞩目的成就。随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的建立和加入世贸组织，我国对外贸易得到迅速发展。由于贸易双方当事人分处不同国家，各国法律对许多问题的解释和处理存在一定差异，因此在订货时，应特别注意其法律效力，尽量不出现可能产生双方争议的问题。
关键词： 对外贸易 订货 法律效力
目前，我国进行国际货物买卖时，主要参照的一项国际公约是《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》（简称《公约》）。《公约》成为我国进行国际贸易的一项最重要的国际公约。在我国，出口贸易的基本业务程序为：一，准备阶段；二，出口交易磋商及合同订立阶段；三，出口合同履行阶段。其中第二阶段的主要活动包括：买卖货物的各种交易条件，进行贸易磋商、谈判，签定出口销售合同或售货确认书。到第二阶段的后半段，特别是订货这一环节，其法律效应的体现尤为明显，其书面表述的准备清楚、及时与否，关系到了合同的效力及今后交易双方的合作。若有不慎则容易引起纠纷。订货可通过书信形式达成，也可用事先印妥的格式订单，订单或订货书信一经卖方确认，一般就成为对买卖双方都有法律约束力的合同。
订货是买方向卖方提出的要求。卖方按订单所列的各项条件供货。要获得订单，买卖双方要经过一次或多次报盘、还盘、反还盘等拉锯战，最后由买方接受，即由买方制作订单发给卖方而生效。买方也可以根据事先送达产品的目录、价目表，甚至样品，直接订货（或称订购）。以下从书面形式谈谈订货的法律效力。
理想的订货信函包括的内容应该有：
（1）明确告知对方订货的信息（Inform the receiver of your order）。
（2）具体确认商品名称、条款等细节 （Confirm the specifications，such as items，terms and conditions，etc.）。
（3）告知对方具体的订货安排（Inform the receiver of the arrangement of your order）。
（4）敦促对方尽快发货（Urge the receiver to deliver goods as early as possible）。
以下笔者举例说明定货的有效性。
1.表示接受：根据《公约》的规定，一项有效的接受必须由特定受盘人在有效期�表示出来，而且其意思表示应真实和清楚才具有法律效力。例如：
a. With reference to your letter of May 6th，we are pleased to give an order for the following.（关于你方5月6日的来信，我们欣然接受，并订购如下。）
b. Thank you for your offer of June 6th.Your prices and quality are satisfactory and we are sending you an order as follows.（感谢你们6月6日的报价，你方的价格和质量令人满意，现在我们订购如下。）
c. Our customers require the goods for Christmas. It is imperative that the ordered goods reach us by the end of November.（我们的客户于圣诞节需要货物，请你们务必在11月底前交货于我方。）
2.表示拒绝：根据《公约》的表述，拒绝应明确提出并经过有效的撤销，方可失效。如以下文字表述：
a. We are sorry to say that because orders for the item required have been booked up to the end of this year，we are unable to accept any fresh order for shipment within this year.（很抱歉，订货已预订到年底，我们无法接受任何年内交运的新订单。）
b. We regret that even on receipt of your order we will not be able to meet your requirement at short convenience as the items you specified are out of stock.（很遗憾，因贵方所指定的货物现在缺货，所以即使收到你方的订单，我们也无法满足你们的要求。）
从形式上看，一份销售确认书也可以视为一份经过压缩的订货合同。一份销售确认书应主要包括几个方面才被认为具备法律效力：
（1）商品名称和规格、数量和包装（Name of commodity and specifications，the quantity and packing）。
（2）发货日期和目的港（Date of shipment and destination port）。
（3）报价（Quotation of prices）。
（4）支付方式（Terms of payment）。
（5）保险（Insurance）。
（6）索赔（Claim）。
（7）仲裁（Arbitration）。
（8）必须具备的货运单据（Shipping documents required）。
销售确认书主要有两种。一种以文字（书信）形式体现，一种则以印制好的表格出现。以下从文字（书信）方面举例说明。
例如：An Order from New Customer（新客户订货）
Gentlemen：
We thank you for your quotation of September 15th together with patterns of Shanghai Printed Pure Silk Fabrics. We find both quality and prices satisfactory and are pleased to give you trial order for the following items:
Quality Pattern No. Prices
15，000yards 9001 US$10per yd.
10，000yards 9003 US$15per yd.
（All the prices are CIF San Francisco）
We expect to find a good marker for the above and hope to place further and larger orders with you in the near future. Our usual terms of payment are by D/P 60 days and we hope they will be satisfactory to you. Meanwhile should you wish to make enquiries concerning our financial standing，you may refer to the following bank:
（The name and address of the bank）
Yours truly
又如：Confirming an Order（确认订货）
Dear Sirs，
We dispatch to you this order as per yesterday’s cable: 10000 DOZ MENSSHIRTS HAIDABRAND MAYSHIPMT DIRECT STEAMER PLSCONFIRM.
Particular care should be taken about the quality and the packing of the goods to be delivered in this first order.It is the usual practice here that 10 shirts are packed to a carton and 10 cartons to a strong seaworthy wooden case.There will be a flow of orders if this order proves to be satisfactory.
We are enclosing our Confirmation of Purchase in duplicate. Please sign one copy and return to us for our records.As soon as we receive your confirmation，a letter of credit will be opened through Barclay’s Bank of London.
We trust this order will be the first of a series of deals between us.
Sincerely
例如：Rejecting Ordered Price（拒绝接受订单价格）
Dear Sirs，
We refer to your Order No.FR246 and regret to say that we are not able to accept your bid price for Frozen Rabbit Meat.
As you may be aware that the prices for foodstuffs have gone up sharply owing to the rough weather，it is impossible to purchase supplies at economic prices. Moreover，we have improved our packing method，as you may have seen from our samples，which cost us a lot. The price，therefore，is 8% higher than your bid. As the market is firm with an upward tendency，we advise you to accept our price without delay. In view of our long business connection we will definitely keep supplies available for you if you amend the price in your order within 5 days.
Yours faithfully
再如:Canceling an Order（取消订单）
Dear Sirs，
We refer you to the S/C No.678 which stipulates shipment to be made not later than October 10th.We regret that so far nothing has been heard from you.
When we placed our order with you，we stressed the importance of dispatching the goods. They are required for the winter sales in this country and they should therefore arrive here by the end of October.
As we have not received any information from you that the goods have been sent，we have no alternative but to cancel this order. We regret this action，but you will understand that we have no other choices，as our customers insist on delivery by that date.
Yours sincerely
订货是国际贸易中的重要环节，在实际业务中一般需要用书面形式将买卖双方的权利义务明文规定下来便于执行。从原则上讲，接受的内容应该与发盘中提出的条件完全一致，才表明交易双方就有关的交易条件达成了一致意见，从而才能导致有效合同的成立。虽然书面订货与正式的合同在格式条款项目和内容繁简上有所不同，但在法律上具有同等效力，对买卖双方均有约束力。
参考文献：
［1］戚云方.外贸英语函电与谈判［J］.浙江大学出版社，2002.
［2］裘果芬.国际商务英语洽谈［M］.上海交通大学出版社，2000.
