不同施肥方式对稻麦轮作制稻田杂草群落的影响
时间：2021-02-01 12:13:44 来源：雅意学习网 本文已影响 人 
摘要：为揭示不同施肥（纯施化肥、有机肥配施化肥、秸秆还田配施有机无机肥、有机无机复混肥）对稻—麦两熟制区稻田杂草的影响，以南京农业大学连续4年固定施肥金坛试验田为材料，于014年水稻收获前进行了杂草群落调查，研究不同施肥、秸秆还田水稻田间杂草种类、密度、高度和杂草多样性指数的差异。结果表明：试验水稻田共记录杂草1种，分属7科、11属。稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）、鸭舌草（Monochoria vaginalis）、多花水苋（Aannia ultiflora）、水苋菜（A baccifera）、陌上菜（Lindernia procubens）广泛分布于各试验田块。长期施肥可减少稻田杂草种类及发生密度。其中阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草在试验设定的各施肥措施下其种类和密度均显著下降，但株高显著增加；禾本科杂草种类、密度和株高几乎不受影响。秸秆还田配施化肥、有机肥配施化肥、有机无机复混肥+穗肥尿素和纯施化肥的田块中，杂草群落多样性指数低、均匀度指数相对较低，优势度指数较高，容易使单一优势杂草种类暴发，造成较严重危害；秸秆还田配施有机肥化肥、有机无机复混肥一次施用的稻田环境中，杂草群落多样性指数较高，均匀度指数较高，优势度指数较低，杂草群落结构较复杂，群落相对较稳定，且杂草密度较低，对水稻的生长危害较轻。
关键词：化肥；有机无机肥配施；秸秆还田；有机无机复混肥；杂草；水稻田
中图分类号：941；11文献标志码：A文章编号：100-9X（01）01-000-0[7]
Abstracthe effects of several fertilizers（pure cheical fertilizer，organic anure with cheical fertilizer，straw returning with organic and inorganic fertilizer ，organic and inorganic copound fertilizer on weed counities in rice fields were deterined under a rice-wheat cropping syste during four consecutive years at Nanjing Agricultural University in intan A survey of weed species，density，height and diversity index was conducted before the rice harvest in 014 to analyzethe relationship between the weed population distribution and the fertilizer used Echinochloa crusgalli，Monochoria vaginalis，Aannia ultiflora，A baccifera and Lindernia procubens were the ain weed species in all the treatents Long-ter fertilization could reduce the occurrence and density of soe weed species he nuber and density of broadleaf and Cyperaceae weeds decreased significantly when fertilizers were used，but their height increased significantly；the density and height of grassy weeds were alost unaffected [P]traw returning with cheical fertilizer，organic anure with cheical fertilizer，organic and inorganic copound fertilizer[P]urea fertilization for head sprouting and pure cheical fertilizer treatent reduced species diversity index but increased the weed doinance index and lowered the evenness index，easily caused serious harfulness traw returning with once-applied organic and inorganic fertilizer ororganic and inorganic copound fertilizer treatents had higher species diversity index and evenness index，lower weed doinance index and density，coplicated weed counity structure，and less harfullness to riceey wordscheical fertilizer；organic fertilizers plus cheical fertilizer；straw returning；organic and inorganic fertilizer；weeds；rice fields
杂草是农田生态系统的重要生物组分，与作物在光照和水肥方面竞争激烈，是制约作物产量的重要因子[1-4]，维持适当数量的杂草对保护农田生物多样性发挥着重要作用[-]。农田管理措施能对田间杂草的种群组成及其生物多样性产生影响[7-10]。肥料和除草剂是农田生态系统主要的投入品[11]，施肥改变土壤养分含量及其结构，直接提高作物的产量及竞争优势，从而改变农田中杂草群落的演替过程[1]。
