议论文中的图表属于什么论据 [图表类议论文讲解]
时间：2019-04-26 03:33:10 来源：雅意学习网 本文已影响 人 
下面这幅图表是中国某城市在过去三十年间人们出行方式的情况统计，请根据你对这幅图表的理解用英语写一篇短文。 你的短文应包含以下内容： 1. 根据所给图表简要描述人们出行方式的变化趋势；
2. 分析导致图表中人们出行方式变化的可能原因；
3. 从环保和健康等角度谈谈你自己的看法。（至少两点）
注意：
1. 可参照图表中文字及下面文章开头所给提示，作必要的发挥想象。
2. 词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数。
3. 文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。
With the development of economy, people’s travelling ways have changed a lot.
【学生作文】
With the development of economy, people’s travelling ways have changed a lot. From the picture, we can see that most people went to other places on foot twenty years ago. One-third people travelled by bike twenty years ago. But the number of people who on foot and by bike was reducing. About 20% of people took a bus. 5% of people took a personal car thirty years ago. But people taking a personal car became common. The number of them increased quickly in the 2000s.
There are some reasons for the changes of travelling ways. Firstly, as the development of economy, Chinese have enough money. So people have enough money to buy cars. Secondly, people are busy. So they don’t want to travel on foot. Thirdly, some people took a car to show off. They think that others will think they have a lot of money if they drive a car.
As a student, I think that cars are harmful to environment. Lots of cars will waste natural resources. In mordern society, walking will be beneficial to people’s healthy. So I think people should walk.
【教师点评】
此篇习作段落较为清晰，基本覆盖了所要求的全部要点。主要问题是第一段中的数据分析抓不住曲线图的总体变化趋势，不能从宏观上对该图进行简要描述。其次，语言表达单调，词汇项目有限, 句式结构单一, 语言表达不准确，且最基本的语言错误较多，所以本篇文章只能属于第三档。
【教师修改】
1. 数据分析啰嗦
题目要求根据所给图表简要描述人们出行方式的变化趋势，即在过去的20年里，采用步行和骑自行车的出行方式的人数减少，乘公交车人数基本保持不变，而开汽车的人数在增加。
“We can see that most people went to other places on foot twenty years ago. One-third people travelled by bike twenty years ago. But the number of people who on foot and by bike was reducing.”可以合在一块,简要地表达为“The number of people riding bikes and walking to work decreased.”。
“About 20% of people took a bus.”应表达为：“The number of bus riders was relatively stable.”。
2. 语言表达单调
该生习作句式结构单一，多为简单句，高级词汇使用有限，因此建议适当使用结构更加紧凑、表达内容更加丰富的复杂句式、词汇。
“Chinese have enough money. So people have enough money to buy cars.”可加工润色为“With people’s income rising, a car is no longer a luxury.”。
“Cars are harmful to environment.”句子相对简单，可加工为 “As more and more cars are used, an increasing number of cars are sending huge quantities of poisonous gases into the atmosphere, which makes the air of cities dangerous to breathe.”
3. 语言表达不准确 “From the picture”应改为“From the chart / graph (曲线图)”。
“Most people went to other places on foot twenty years ago.”应表达为“Most people would like to travel on foot twenty years ago.”。
4. 语言表达错误
“But the number of people who on foot and by bike was reducing.”此句中的who引导一个定语从句，缺少动词，应改为“But the number of people who travelled on foot and by bike was reducing.”。
“People taking a personal car became common.” people不能作common的主语，私家车应为private car而不是personal car。本句可改为“It has become common for people to drive private cars.”。
表示“随着”的意思时，时间状语用连词as。“As the development of economy”一句应改为“With the development of economy” 或“as the economy develops”。
健康的名词形式是health。
mordern 拼写错误, 正确拼写应为 modern。
【例文】
With the development of economy, people’s travelling ways have changed a lot. As is clearly shown in the chart, the number of people riding bikes and walking to work decreased while the number of bus riders was relatively stable. However, the number of people driving cars grew considerably.
Several reasons account for this trend. For one thing, with people’s income rising, a car is no longer a luxury. For another, not only does the car protect us from the bad weather, but also brings us a lot of convenience. We can get around freely in a car and don’t have to spend a lot of time travelling. What’s more, so many people find driving is so exciting.
As far as I am concerned, as more and more cars are used, an increasing number of cars are sending huge quantities of poisonous gases into the atmosphere, which makes the air of cities dangerous to breathe. Besides, riding and walking are wise options for our health, which can also save so much money for us.
【写作步骤】
图表类议论文写作的关键步骤在于：
1. 认真审题，确定要点
认真阅读题目给出的文字提示或说明，读懂图表中符号和数据所代表的意思。从图表的整体入手，认真分析各项数据，抓住其主要特征，弄懂它们所揭示的主要规律，归纳出写作要点，包括文章体裁、主题、时态和人称。
2. 划分段落，提炼主题
确定文章的段落，一般为三段，首先分析图表的变化趋势，然后对图表所反映的现象进行适当的分析、说明，最后给出自己的建议、观点等等。写出各段的主题句，主题句的语法结构要正确完整，逻辑意义要明确，必须是对整段内容的概述。
3. 组词成句，加工润色
高级词汇的运用能使书面表达亮点不断。高级句型使文章的语言充满层次感。如倒装、虚拟、被动、复合句式、非谓语等等。有了好词、好句，增强句子间的逻辑性和紧凑性就显得尤为重要。关联词就是常用的连接手段之一。恰当地使用关联词会使文章显得逻辑性强，结构紧凑，意义贯通。当然，过渡词也不可滥用，否则就有画蛇添足之嫌。
4. 查漏补缺，符合要求
一篇好的书面表达首先要保证人称、时态、语态、主谓一致、单词拼写等不出错。其次才考虑有无高级表达。所以，完稿后一定要检查一下有没有时态、语态、拼写等错误，并逐一加以改正。此外，还要检查有无遗漏要点，词数是否符合要求。
5. 认真誊写，卷面整洁
美观、整洁的作文会使老师眼前一亮，并会为之振奋，为之喜悦，为之产生偏爱。特别是如今高考实行网上阅卷，阅卷老师在一定时间内要完成一定量的阅卷任务，如果面对的书写字迹潦草，难以辨认；或勾勾画画，满纸蛛丝；或圈圈点点，“满脸雀斑”；或七涂八改，“丑陋不堪”；无论这篇书面表达有多高级，也不会在高考中得高分。
图表类议论文要求学生根据所给的图表、数据及标题进行分析、研究，阅读其中的文字和说明，弄清各种信息之间的关系，提炼和确定出文章的中心思想。然后进行分析、概括和归纳。一般可分为三段来写：1） 按照题目要求描述图表反映的总情况，对数字进行仔细的比较，抓住特点。 2） 进行分析、归纳并找出产生变化的原因。3） 读图表后的想法和评论，从而得出自己的结论。根据图表作文的特点，具体有如下写作步骤： 第一段：开门见山地点明本图表所反映的主题, 对图表变化趋势进行分析，即description。
图表类作文中图表和数据内容不必全部描述，要善于抓住总的规律、趋势，归纳增减率。可以尝试使用不同的表达方式，常用的句型有：
1. The graph/chart/table above shows...
2. From the graph/chart above, it can be clearly seen that...
3. As is shown in the graph, ...
4. The chart/table shows the differences between...
5. There was a great /slight increase /rise in...
6. There has been a sudden/slow/rapid/sharp fall/drop in...
7. The number is... times as much as that of...
8. It increases/rises/decreases/reduces by...
9. By comparison with... , it decreased/ increased/ fell from... to...
第二段：根据作文要求，分析数据变化的原因或所产生的严重后果，即reasons or results。
分析原因的句型有：
1. The reason for/why... is that...
2. The change in... largely results from the fact that...
3. There are several causes for this significant growth in... First, ... Second, ...
3. This brings out the important fact that...
分析现象所带来的后果的句型有：
1. Sth. is a great danger to both sb. and sb.
2. This problem has raised great concern among people.
3. This phenomenon results in/ contributes to /causes/leads to/ serious problems. Firstly, ... Secondly, ...
4. Sth. will cause some harmful effects. In the first place, ... In the second place, ...
第三段：归纳总结,发表个人观点或提出措施，即suggestions。
常用句型有：
1. As far as I’m concerned, ...
2. It’s clear from the chart that...
3. In summary, it is important...
4. From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that...
5. Obviously, if we want to..., it is necessary...
6. There is no doubt that attention must be paid...
