as spoken of in_Concept,of,Integrated,Waste,Management,as,Recoverable,Resources,in,Product,Cycle

　　Abstract: This paper presents a conceptual framework of integrated waste management which focuses on all stages of product life cycle. A mechanism of resource recovery motivating from waste in economic system (designers, producers, consumers, stakeholders in the field of disposal of the product) is suggested. The classification of institutional and economic instruments in the field of waste management as recoverable resources is developed. The author has proposed a scientific and methodical approach to the formation of an integrated waste management as recoverable resources, which is based on a set of methods of economic incentives at all stages of product life cycle and ensures the maximum possible and the environmentally safe management of wastes containing valuable resource components.
　　Key words: Waste, recoverable resources, integrated waste management, product life cycle, organizational-economic mechanism.
　　1. Introduction
　　One of the negative features of the existing“production-consumption” system is the lack of conditions for re-use of material resources that leads to the formation of significant amounts of industrial and household waste. Often, their processing is technically impossible and/or economically not feasible. This results in an irretrievable loss of renewable and nonrenewable resources, and intense pollution.
　　In some industrialized countries, the leading is the concept of IWM (integrated waste management), which was officially adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Its provisions are waste minimization, recycling and disposal nonutilizable remainder.
　　The first phase of integrated waste management involves the minimization of wastes at the source of its formation. Here, by minimization it understands not only to decrease the total amount of waste but also to reduce their toxicity. The second phase is focused on extracting resources from waste, the third involves the thermal and biological treatment (relatively solid waste), the fourth is burial of nonutilizable remainder. IWM concept does not eliminate incineration as a method of waste disposal. Moreover, thermal processing must be applied to the waste, which incineration is not attended by toxic emissions. This helps not only to reduce volumes of wastes, but also gives possibility to get energy resource. For waste that is not recyclable, not combustible or that burns with the release of toxic substances, the method of disposal is used.
　　The concept of IWM which is based on the integrated use of existing methods of waste management also has some drawbacks. First, it focuses on the use of different approaches to different types of
　　 waste, but, in fact, is a traditional organization chart for waste management based on the storage and burning, which is complemented anticipating stage-extraction of the resource values. Second, often getting out recycled resources of household waste is inefficient for several reasons, so this step is combined with the thermal processing step, and then the thermal energy is considered as a recoverable resource. Third, the minimization of waste at the source of their formation often involves its decreasing in the production phase of the product and does not affect the stage of its design, which provides technical capacity and environmental safety of the process of extracting a recyclable resource from waste.
　　It is important to note that the use of incineration and disposal methods does not solve the problem of waste, but only transforms it into another no less dangerous state.
　　The processes of the industrial waste incineration were usually accompanied by almost inevitable toxic emissions. Russian scientists have found that the concentration of heavy metals in the waste gas incineration of municipal solid waste is 10-100 times the concentration of the metal flue gases of power plants running on coal, i.e., emissions of heavy metals are characteristic of incinerators. To minimize toxicity, it is necessary to ensure a uniform flow of combustible material with stable caloric value and moisture content, and for municipal waste it is almost impossible [1]. Combustion of 1 ton of garbage produces 5,000 m3 of gas containing dioxins, which retain their strength in the decades around incinerators, forming a zone of poisoning. With continuous using zone boundaries are increased to 30 km [2].
　　The method of storage and disposal of waste is also unacceptable from an environmental point of view. Epidemiological studies of populations living in the vicinity of disposal dump showed elevated levels of morbidity in different forms of cancer, the presence of birth defects, impaired development of children underweight newborns. According to the survey of 9,565 disposal dumps of the UK, it was found that the risk of birth defects is increased by 1% for a stay within 2 km of it (by 7% for those who live near hazardous waste sites) [3].
　　The effectiveness of the IWM concept could be higher if:
　　? there were technical capabilities of waste transition in the category of recyclable resource;
　　? environmental safety of the resources extraction from waste was ensured;
　　? there were economic prerequisites for recycling;
　　? a recoverable resource in price and quality is not inferior to the primary one (a competitive);
　　? product produced using a recoverable resource in price and quality is not inferior to an analog of the primary resource.
　　Relying on the above stated arguments, it should be stated that the concept of integrated waste management is unpractical because of environmentally unacceptability and significant loss of material resources. It is aimed at maintaining the current linear system of “production-consumption”, its basic position remains the elimination of waste.
　　Therefore, it needs complementation and specificity of some of its provisions.
　　2. Statement of the Problem
　　One of the strategic directions of integrated waste management should be environmental-oriented management of recyclable resources, aimed at ensuring environmentally safe and economically viable extraction of resources from waste and maximize their potential use in production.
　　Despite numerous scientific studies in the field of reuse of resources, the problem of formation of eco-oriented system of recyclable resources management remains unsolved, namely its conceptual, organizational and economic framework, the development of which is the subject of this article.
　　3. Results
　　Under the eco-oriented management of recyclable resources, it understood package of measures aimed at RRW (resource recovery from waste). The concept of“resource recovery from waste”, in our view, can be regarded as a method, process and activity:
　　(1) The method of waste management, aimed at obtaining a recoverable material resources from waste as an alternative to their destruction;
　　(2) The process as possible and the environmentally safe retrieval of material resource from waste and its use in production;
　　(3) Various kinds of activities of economic system are aimed at the formation of supply and demand of: products, processing of which is technically feasible and environmentally safe; recoverable resources; products made with recycled resources; extraction of resources from waste services [4].
　　Ecologically-oriented management of recoverable resources can be viewed as a system of two subsystems: control and controllable. Controllable system is a controlled object, which is influenced by the control system. The objects are the economic agents of the economic system whose activity is connected with the resource recovery from waste. The economic agents are the subjects engaged in the design of the product, producers, consumers of the final product, the subjects in the field of waste management [4].
　　Economic agents form the market of recyclable resources, hence, its activities must have the motivation and incentives that promote the formation of supply and demand for: (1) products (goods), processing of which is technically possible and economically feasible; (2) recoverable resources; (3) the products (goods), produced using recoverable resources; (4) services for the extraction of resources from waste (components of resource recovery from waste) [5].
　　With relation on the concept of continuity of the product life cycle the areas for integrated management of wastes as recoverable resources are set out in Fig. 1.
　　The first area involves waste management at the design stage of the product. This stage addresses questions about the possibility in principle of the transition of waste into the category of recoverable resource, an environmentally acceptable method and at the same time questions about the economic feasibility of its processing.
　　Leading element in the design process is specification, which is defined as a verbal description of the purpose with all its components and boundary conditions. All development of specification is essentially a process of ordering the original data. For the entire set of requirements, that are taken into account in designing the product of a certain quality, one should identify critical values of parameters, their possible variations to help in finding the optimal solution, define boundary conditions. After ordering the initial data the feasible set of solutions is determined and optimum one is looked for Ref. [6].
　　Specification of the designed product may include requirements relating to resource-saving of the various stages of the product life cycle and consider its impact on the environment. Such design can be called ecologically-oriented.
　　Ecologically-oriented design is a design of product, materials, equipment and technology, which takes into account environmental and economic aspects of resource-saving and aimed at reducing the ecodestructive influence of product production and consumption processes on the environment.
　　At the present stage of society development the design is a multi-criteria concept that includes a list of product optimization criterias, also design includes a variety of environmental criteria that contribute to a reduction of harmfulness of technological process and toxicity of waste generated.
　　However, the design process doesn’t attend to the aspect of resource-saving at the stage of the product utilization.
　　In the context of waste management as a recoverable resource, environmentally oriented multicriteria design should provide technical, environmental and economic opportunities for resource recovery from waste [7].
　　The achievement for the above mentioned features of resources extraction from waste at the design stage is possible by establishing technical limitations on the qualitative characteristics and parameters of certain the final product, whose characteristics allow to products for the subjects in the field of product design.
　　In terms of research the most important directions for environmentally security and maximal resource recovery from waste consists of (Fig. 2):
　　? extract the resource from wastes in an environmentally safe manner;
　　? equipment and technological process of product manufacturing;
　　? equipment and technological process of resources extraction from waste;
　　? reusable materials;
　　? new end-products, in the production of which a recoverable resource can be used.
　　Thus, in the list of requirements (specifications) of optimization tasks of the above products design those should be included that allow on the stage of end-product utilization to carry out its removal, retrieve valuable resource components and reuse them and also to recycle waste from the manufacturing of this product [7].
　　It should be noted that the greatest potential for waste minimization is concentrated in the design stage of products, production means and technological process, where the possibilities of highly efficient waste management in the later stages of product life cycle should be provided, namely:
　　(1) economically reasonable level of power and materials consumption of waste recycling;
　　(2) environmental safety of its recycling;
　　(3) technical and technological capabilities of resource extraction from waste.
　　This will create the technical, environmental and economic incentives to receive qualitative recoverable resources (capable of competing with the primary one) and a product from recoverable resource, capable of competing with products from the primary resource.
　　These problematic aspects are not fully amenable to solve on the subsequent stages of product life cycle and are crucial for the extraction of resources from waste.
　　The second area implies the waste management in the production phase. Regarding the specific company the goal of this phase comes to minimize the waste formation and to maximize its use in own production.
　　Recycling of certain wastes may be economically unpractical, but it becomes economically feasible with taking into account the prevented and caused damage from pollution. In this case, the organizational-economic mechanism of state regulation must be used. This regulation involves the
　　 use of economic instruments to stimulate companies to process the waste. However, the tools of the negative motivational orientation, which are focused on limiting the use of economically unfeasible methods of waste management, must be used also.
　　In addition, the result of such management should be making products, processing of which is feasible, and the products are done of a recoverable resource. The latter by quality should not yield product from the primary resource and need to be competitive on price. In the first place at this stage demand for the development of products that can be recycled should be stimulated. This is a prerequisite for producing high-quality recoverable resource that can compete with the primary one. Formation of supply on these products (goods) is possible with the existing demand for them [7].
　　The third area focuses on wastes management as recoverable resources at the consumption stage of the product. Such management involves stimulating demand for products (goods): which resource renewal is technically feasible and environmentally acceptable; waste products of which can be recycled; which has the recoverable resource in its composition.
　　The fourth area involves waste management at the stage of the product disposal. This area assumes the formation of appropriate infrastructure and services for the extraction of components from valuable resource waste.
　　Efficiency of management of wastes as recoverable resources at all stages of product life cycle is conditioned by the effectiveness of the functioning of organizational-economic mechanism of state regulation [8, 9]. Its role is to create an infrastructure market through the creation of a motivational mechanism for the different subjects of the economic system, whose activity is connected with the resources recovering from waste.
　　Organizational-economic mechanism of wastes management as recoverable resources is based on the restrictive and incentive instruments stimulating maximum possible and ecologically safe resource recovering. These tools should be aimed at all subjects of economic system to ensure product design, production and consumption which meet the principles of resource recovery from waste.
　　Certain component of the proposed scheme of integrated waste management as recoverable resources is alternative ways of meeting the needs of the product consumer. In the environmental and economic assessment of these alternatives the cost analysis is very important. In particular, when substituting one product by another, it is necessary to evaluate the significance of its new properties and functions. At the same time it is necessary to determine the ecological value of the product life cycle with the emergence of new properties and functions. Environmental cost in this case includes the need for material and energy resources, as well as damage from pollution arising at all stages of product life cycle (including the stage of disposal) [7].
　　Thus, the concept of integrated waste management should include aspects related to the technical possibilities of extracting resources from waste, and environmental safety and economic feasibility of the process. The idea of this concept is feasible, if the possibility of its implementation will be provided at earlier stages of product life cycle.
　　This idea is important for eco-oriented system of management of recyclable resources, which is broadly based on the application of knowledge in the field of RRW and its further use.
　　As noted above, the efficiency of resource extraction is caused by the creation of motivational and organizational arrangements for the subjects of the economic system, related to different stages of product life cycle. The formation mechanism of motivation of resource recovery from waste is shown in Fig. 3.
　　A study of prerequisites for the formation of a motivational mechanism for these subjects revealed that only market regulation of resource recovery from waste is inefficient, because the market mechanism is
　　 not able to display the social benefits of waste containing valuable resource components. Government regulation can motivate the subjects of the economic system to operate in the direction of resource recovering and thus creates the conditions for market regulation.
　　State regulation provides for the formation of organizational and economic mechanism of ecologically-oriented management of recoverable resources, that means a combination of methods and tools to encourage subjects of the economic system to carry out activities related to environmentally safe and maximum possible using of the resource potential of waste.
　　It is important to note that each subject resolves certain problems in the field of RRW [4], and different tools should be directed to solve it.
　　A certain set of tools is typical for each specific territory [10] and is aimed at encouraging long-term and priority, as well as restraint unpromising and flawed decisions of business subjects. Stimulating instruments include preferential tax on profits, preferential credits, accelerated depreciation, exemption from payment of VAT, exemption from payment for land, backing, subsidies, direct financing of certain activities, grants, and many others. Among
　　 the limiting tools ones can be marked out like: environmental payments, the establishment of stricter standards for waste disposal, additional taxation, licensing, standards, fines, penalties, etc. [11-13].
　　Tools that can be employed to stimulate the RRW can be classified into a number of features identified in Table 1.
　　It is important to note that the use of institutional and economic instruments for waste management as recoverable resources relies on several principles: systemacy—focusing of tools on various types of activity of the economic system; the priority of environmental security—aimed at implementing the most environmentally friendly options for waste management; complexity—influence of tools at all the components of resource recovery from waste; consistency—focusing on supply and demand components of the RRW; multi-directional motivational influence—the use of tools of different types of motivational influence on the subjects of the
　　 economic system; an individual approach—taking into account regional and sectoral characteristics; consistency—the use of tools for consistant achieving of various levels of RRW; specification—focusing on a particular type of waste.
　　Thus, the formation of organizational-economic mechanism of management of wastes as recoverable resources is an objective necessity, caused primarily by the lack of motivation of resource recovery from waste from the subjects of the economic system.
　　The formation of a highly efficient system of integrated waste management as recoverable resources depends not only on stimulating all subjects of economic system, but also on creating the necessary conditions for their activities in that direction. These conditions are the scientific, technical, methodological, organizational, financial and information support.
　　Scientific and technical support for resource recovery from waste results from scientific research in the field of designing and redesigning products, materials of its production, equipment and technology. Research in the field of reusable materials reduces energy and material consumption (resource consumption) and reduces damage intensiveness in the process of recycling of waste containing valuable resource components.
　　Methodical provision of resource recovery from waste is associated with the development of scientific and methodological approaches to extract resources from the waste. It includes: regulatory and technical support associated with the development and implementation of standards for the design and manufacture of products that provide the technical possibilities of extracting valuable resource components at the stage of their disposal.
　　Organizational support suggests the formation of an appropriate infrastructure to provide services related to the sorting of household waste and recycled resources collecting, as well as the establishment of technical and technological base for the processing of waste containing valuable resource components [14].
　　Financial support for the activities of subjects engaged in designing a product that meets the principles of resource recovery from waste; funding the production of a product that meets the principles resource recovering; financial support for the processing of waste containing valuable resource components.
　　Information support of subjects is in the field of product design and production and in the field of recycling. It should provide the population with objective information about quality characteristics of the product from recoverable resource; creation of advisory services to facilitate the establishment of scope for extracting resources from waste and their use; the formation of ecological awareness for sorting solid municipal waste.
　　Briefly summarizing the above, it should be noted that the proposed integrated approach can increase the amount of recyclable waste (Fig. 4), and therefore the amount of recoverable resource. If it is competitive (by quality it will not concede the primary one, and the price of it won’t be higher), there will be an effect of substitution of the primary resource by recoverable one. This effect is the prevented damage from environmental pollution arising in the process of obtaining a primary resource, as well as prevented damage from disposal of waste containing valuable resource components.
　　 4. Approbation of Survey Findings
　　The paper further denotes the specific economic and administrative instruments that can be used for subjects of economic system in RRW for the purpose of solving the challenges they face (Fig. 5).
　　Defining the economic tools for the implementation of environmentally safe and maximum possible RRW, it is necessary to point out some features related to the formation of supply and demand of the above components of this process (see components of RRW):
　　(1) As Pearce and Walter [15] rightly pointed, taking action solely to stimulate the supply of recycled materials (such as implementing mandatory separate
　　 collection of waste paper) will likely cause its price reduction and this may lead to the fact that some part of the waste paper will not find a market. Much of the attention should focus on measures that stimulate demand, thus providing for the waste processing enterprises the incentive to find ways of increasing demand; but the reverse does not always occur. Thus, it should be emphasized that if there is no possibility to increase the demand for recycled materials, all measures to increase market supply will not lead to overall expansion of resource recovering.
　　(2) Adoption of measures aims solely at creating demand and supply in the recyclable resources, ignoring the demand for products from recycled materials, production and consumption of products, recycling of which is technically possible, encourage the provision of a waste management will not promote the maximum possible RRW.
　　It is important to note that the greatest potential of resource recovering is concentrated exactly on the products development stage, where waste material may be used to get a resource and repeatedly use it in production. The quality of extracted resource and its environmental characteristics should not yield to the primary counterpart, and the price should not be higher than the price of primary resources. In this case, the demand will be formed, and hence the proposal for a recyclable resource. The reverse does not always occur.
　　(3) Along with tools that are designed to encourage long-term and priority decisions on waste management (activities related to resource recovering), the tools must be used that constrain unpromising and incompetent decisions of economic
　　subjects in this area (actions of providing for the waste destruction and disposal, as well as environmentally hazardous waste management). Consequently, the promotion should have both positive and negative motivational orientations.
　　(4) The incentive actions should include different subjects of the economic system and to treat all stages of product life cycle. These mandatory agents are mining and processing industries, producers and consumers, designers of the final product, equipment
　　5. Conclusions
　　To achieve the maximum possible and environmentally safe resource recovery from waste it is not enough to motivate the subjects in the field of recycling. If you do not use the tools in respect of subjects engaged in the design and manufacture of the product and its customers, there will be left many unsolved problems.
　　To summarise, it is important to note that the proposed scientific and methodical approach of integrated waste management can not only help to achieve the highest possible level of resource extraction from waste, but also increase this level itself.
　　References
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　　[10] G.P. Vigovska, V.S. M?schenko, Regional aspects of waste management, Regional Economy 3 (2000) 130-140.
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