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    大学英语写作常见错误 [大学英语写作常见错误分析]

    时间:2018-12-24 03:26:53 来源:雅意学习网 本文已影响 雅意学习网手机站

      摘 要:分析学生英语写作的错误情况,探讨产生错误的原因,并提出了一些纠错办法,以期对英语教学与英语写作有一定的帮助。   关键词:英语写作 错误类型 错误分析
      
      学习者在学习第二语言过程中出现的错误一直受到语言学家及教师们的关注,尤其在大学英语写作方面,他们在分析预测和纠正错误方面进行了大量的调查研究,希望通过对英语写作中出现的错误进行分析,从而对英语写作教学和学习起到积极的作用。
      对于我国大学英语学习者来说,在说和写的过程中出现错误不仅是自然的,而且是不可避免的。早在20世纪50年代,语言学家们明确地提出了对学习者的母语与目标语进行对比分析。他们认为:二语学习者的语言错误主要来自母语的干扰,目标语与学习者的母语越接近,学习者的困难就越少;反之,学习者的困难就越大。
      Riehar把内化性错误分为以下四种类型:(1)当学习者在继续学习目的语的过程中根据已获得的目的语知识,创造出一种不正确的结构的时候,就犯了过度概括的错误。(2)当学习者对目的语概念辨识方面存在错误的理解,就会出现对概念的错误假设。(3)忽略规则运用的限制,没有注意到某些结构上的限制,把曾学过的规则套用到不适用的上下文中。(4)规则的不完整运用,造成不能充分完善一个结构。
      在多年的大学英语教学中,笔者批阅了大量的英语作文,这些作文中出现的错误难以用一个具体的数字来表达,但是,一些常见的错误类型恰好应证了Riehar归纳的错误类型(3)和(4)。那么,学生在用英语写作时为什么会出现这种错误,这些错误的正确形式又是什么呢?
      以下是从笔者任教的学生作文中归纳出来的主要错误类型:
      
      1.用词错误
      
      1.1滥用修饰语
      1.1.1名词
      false:We have to promote the living standards for people as soon as possible.
      correct form:We have to promote the living standards as soon as possible.
      living standards生活水平只适用于人类,这一点是无庸质疑的,所以for people用在这里毫无必要。
      false:People have taken a series of measures to protect environment.
      correct form:People have takenmeasures to protect environment.
      measure的复数形式已经告诉读者是多项措施,a series of用在这里显得累赘和多余。
      1.1.2动词
      false:He wants to bring about a change to his performance this term.
      correct form:He wants to change his performance this term.
      false:I should try my best to get success in English study.
      correct form:I should try my best to succeed in English study.
      以上两个例子从语法上来说是正确的,但是却同样是用词重复、不简洁。在很多学生的英语作文中,原本用一个动词就能表达清楚的意思,学生们却要用动词加名词的形式来表达。表面上是增加了作文字数,实际上是行文罗嗦、重复。类似情况常见在make/have+verb结构中:
      make an improvement=to improve
      make a promotion=to promote
      make an examination=to examine
      make a decision=to decide
      have an influence=to influence
      have an increase=to increase
      1.1.3形容词
      false:In order to learn English well,we need necessary knowledge about English culture.
      correct form:In order to learn English well,we need knowledge about English culture.
      knowledge既然是知识,当然是有用且必要的,necessary在这里纯属多余。
      false:My study methhod is not very good,I need further improvement on it.
      correct form:My study method is not very good,I need improvement on it.
      improvement有改进、提高之意,further在这里纯属多余。
      false:We should properly raise money for the Hope Project.
      correct form:We should raise money for the Hope Project.
      按照常识推断,为希望工程筹钱的前提便是合适的,所以properly在这里纯属多余。
      false:I think he is a certainly clever boy.
      correct form:I am certain that he is a clever boy.
      false:It’s seriously important to me.
      correct form:It’s important to me.
      false:The school strongly demanded that students must go to shcool on time.
      correct form:The school demanded that students must go to shcool on time.
      false:The price totally sums up to 200 yuan.
      correct form:The price sums up to 200 yuan.
      以上四组例子中,作者都试图通过在中心词前加修饰词来加强语气。然而,英语中有些词本身就含有“很,非常,最”的意思,因此,如果没有弄清楚单词的意思而盲目使用加强语词的修饰成分,反而会适得其反。
      1.2重复表达
      In order to protect the environment,we must prontrol environment pollution.
      Doing exercise is a good exercise for our health.
      Time is precious,we must do the things we must do.
      This result is because ofthe heavy fog tonight.
    本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文   You should not get up late,because it’s a bad thing,not a good thing.
      从以上例子可以看出,大学生作文用词重复的原因有三。其一,由于词汇量有限,在需要反复表达同一个意思时,同一个单词的反复使用不可避免,如例句一、二;其二,由于汉语表达习惯的影响,不符合英语表达习惯的中式英语出现了。如例句三、四;其三,同一个意思,正面表述在前,反面表述在后,如例句五。
      
      2.句子结构错误
      
      2.1悬垂修饰语
      所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:
      false:To do well in college,good grades are essential.
      correct form:To do well in college,a student needs good grades.
      句中不定式短语“to do well in college”的逻辑主语不清楚。
      false:All things considering,I think I should accept the job.
      correct form:All things considered,I think I should accept the job.
      consider的主语是I,而不是all things,所以此处应用被动语态。
      false:The manager sat in the office,with his eyes closing.
      correct form:The manager sat in the office,with his eyes closed.
      close的主语是eyes,所以此处应用过去时,与前句保持一致。
      false:Without anyone noticed,I ran out of the window.
      correct form:Without anyone noticing,I ran out of the window.
      notice的主语是anyone,所以此处用主动语态。
      从以上四个例句可以看出,学生在写这种从属结构的句子时,最常见的问题就是忽略了从句带有自己的逻辑主语,而从句中动词的形式正是由它与其逻辑主语的关系决定的。
      2.2平行结构
      在大学英语作文中,被用得最多的表示平行结构的词有:both...and;either...or;neither...nor;not...but;not only...but also等。
      false:They decided to do something useful,both for people’s quality of life and for saving the environment.
      correct form:They decided to do something useful,both for promoting people’s quality of life and for saving the environment.
      false:This will help the company set prices that are proper not only for their quality but also in relation to prices throughout the country.
      correct form:This will help the company set prices that are proper not only in relation to their quality but also in relation to prices throughout the country.
      除了这些相对固定的句型外,还有其他的情况也需要用平行结构。
      false:What we need immediately are water supply,security,and how to contact with the police.
      correct form:What we need immediately are water supply,security,and getting contact with the police.
      false:She did not like listening as much as to translating something.
      correct form:She did not like listening as much as to translate something.
      在各种平行结构中,有一个最基本也是最重要的要求,平行结构中的各个句子成分在语法上应该是平行对等的,形式上是相同的。
      2.3逻辑连接
      false:The city,which has wide streets and a small population,and it is filled with gas stations and laraoke bars.
      correct form:The city,which has wide streets and a small population.It is filled with gas stations and laraoke bars.
      false:In our system the public sector is the major sector of the economy and there are also other sectors.
      correct form:In our system the public sector is the major sector of the economy,but there are also other sectors.
      false:My summer’s work proved not only interesting but also I learned much from it.
      correct form:My summer’s work proved not only interesting and also I learned much from it.
      false:Both Mary will do it and her husband will do it too.
      correct form:Mary will do it,and her husband will do it too.
      false:Give him an inch,or he’ll take a mile.
      correct form:Give him an inch,and he’ll take a mile.
      false:Gas is a substance without a definite volume nor with a definite shape.
    本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文   correct form:Gas is a substance with neither a definite volume nor with a definite shape.
      与以上例子相仿的错误在学生的英语作文中举不胜举,虽然这些句子没有语法错误,但是却逻辑混乱。有的仅仅是简单推论,毫无说服力。如:
      Jogging is very helpful for our health,so everyone likes it.
      慢跑有利健康就能使所有的人都喜欢吗?两者的因果关系不一定成立。
      有的逻辑残缺,句子的逻辑概念模糊,推理不当或不严谨。如:
      This company is going to bankrupt.Moreover,the ages of the leaders in this company are ranging from 55 to 60.
      第一部分和第二部分没有必然的联系。两部分被放在一起,使所表达的意思含混不清。写作时,如果要转换话题,需要用过渡词来提示读者上下文的关系。
      还有的是逻辑悖论,句子表达的思想不严密,推理混乱不清。如:
      Either we will adjust our study methods or teachers will dislike us.
      either...or...短语表达的是不这样……就那样……的唯一选择。根据常识判断,句中两部分所表达的意思很显然没有二者只能取其一的关系。
      1967年,S.P.Corler发表题为The Significance of Learner’s Errors的论文,形成了错误分析理论。他提出了对学习者的语言错误进行分析的三个重要意义:(1)对教师来说,对学习者的错误进行系统分析可发现学习者在向目标语接近过程中已达到哪个阶段;(2)对研究者来说,错误分析可以为他们提供语言习得方法的证据;(3)对学习者来说,错误分析为他们提供了发现目标语的规则和手段。
      希望通过以上写作中常见错误和修改办法的归纳总结,能对英语学习者有所帮助,为教师的英语写作教学提供参考和借鉴。
      
      参考文献:
      [1]Joan Pinkham.The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish,2005.
      [2]马衰.标准英语写作――冲中式英语到地道英语[J].北京:北京大学出版,2002.
      [3]郭遂红.大学英语写作常见错误分析及纠错策略.桂林师范高等专科学校学报,第17卷第4期,2003.
      
      注:“本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文。”
    本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文

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