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    what和that引导名词性从句辨析 名词性从句that和what

    时间:2020-03-01 07:17:10 来源:雅意学习网 本文已影响 雅意学习网手机站

       【摘 要】在复合句中what和that是高考的重点考查内容,有些学生对两词的使用有困难。本文对what和that在从句中的语法功能加以具体说明,旨在达到让学生能够正确使用两词的目的。
       【关键词】名词性从句 从属连词 辨析
      请看2011年高考英语试题:
      22.(北京卷) Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
      A.Which B.What C.That D.Whom
      分析:此题考查的是名词性从句。由句中的is可知,前面是主语从句,由主语从句的意思可知动词offers后缺少宾语,故答案为B。
      13.(天津卷)Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases.
      A.what B.which C.that D.where
      分析:smoking can lead to many diseases是对evidence内容的具体说明,that在从句中不作任何成分,起引导同位语从句的作用,故答案为C.
      由以上试题可看出that和what是名词性从句中的常考点和重点,笔者现就what和that引导名词性从句的用法分析如下:
      一、what引导名词性从句的用法
      1.作关系代词,相当于the thing(s)that(which),the person who或the place that等,用于引导名词性从句,同时在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
      The teacher was told what had happened.(what引导宾语从句,同时在从句中作had happened的主语)
      老师被告知了发生的一切。
      What the student looked for was his bike.(what引导主语从句,同时在从句中作looked for的宾语)
      学生找的是他的自行车。
      The blind man is still what he used to be.(what引导表语从句,同时在从句中作used to be的表语)
      盲人仍旧是他过去的样子。
       2.作关系代词,保留疑问的意义,即:“什么,什么样的”,在名词性从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
      I have no idea what I should do next.(what引导同位语从句,表示疑问“什么”,在从句中作动词do的宾语)
      我不知道下一步该怎么办。
      I wonder what he is.(what引导宾语从句,表示疑问“什么样的人”,在从句中作系动词is的表语)
      我想知道他是什么样的人。
      3.作关系形容词,修饰名词,表示疑问“什么”,在从句中充当定语。
      It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about,although about two thousand patients have taken it(what引导主语从句,表示疑问“什么”,在从句中作定语修饰名词“use”)
      尽管大约两千多病人已服过这种药,对于它所带来的副作用还不确定。
      I’m not sure what help he can give me.(what引导宾语从句,表示疑问“什么”,在从句中作定语修饰名词“help”.)
      我不确信他能给我什么帮助。
      4.作关系形容词,修饰名词,表示感叹“多么”,在从句中充当定语。
      I was surprised by her words,which made merealized what silly mistakes I had made.(what引导宾语从句,表示感叹“多么”,在从句中作定语修饰名词“mistakes”)
      我对他的话感到惊讶,这使我认识到了我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。
      5.作关系形容词,修饰名词,表示“所…的全部,任何的”,从句中充当定语。
      You may bring what photos you like.(what引导宾语从句,表示“任何的”,在从句中作定语修饰名词“photos”)
      你可以带你喜欢的任何相片来。
      The scholar spent what little money he had on books.(what引导宾语从句,表示“所…的全部”,在从句中作定语修饰名词“money”)
      那位学者把所有的一点钱都花在了书籍上。
      二、that引导名词性从句的用法
      that引导名词性从句(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句)作从属连词,在名词性从句中不作任何成分,没有具体含义(在宾语从句中,甚至还可以被省略)
      1.that引导主语从句。
      That the earth turns around the sun is known to all.(that引导主语从句,在从句中不作成分,一般不能省略)
      地球绕着太阳转,这一点是众所周知的。
      2.that引导表语从句。
      The reason for his being late for school is that he missed the early bus.(that引导表语从句,在从句不作成分,一般不能省略)
      他到校迟到的原因是他错过了早班车。
      3.that引导宾语从句。
      I think(that)wating TV too much is bad for people’s health.(that引导宾语从句,在从句不作成分,可以省略)
      我认为看电视太多对人们的健康有害。
      He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.(that从句一般不能充当介词宾语,偶尔可作except,in的宾语,that一般不能省略)
      4.that引导同位语从句。
      There is much chance that Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race(that引导同位语从句,说明chance的具体内容,在从句中不作任何成分,一般不能省略)
      很有可能比尔将最终从伤痛中恢复并能参加比赛。
      三、辨析
      1.that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有:
      (1)It+be+形容词(obvious,true,likely,certain,possible,etc)+that从句。如:
      It is likely that he told her everything.
      和可能他把一切告诉她了。
      It is certain that he will do well in her exam.
      可以肯定他会考得很好。
      (2)It+be+名词词组(no wonder,an honor,a pity, no surprise,etc.)+that从句。如:
      It is no surprise that he has passed the exam.
      他通过了考试并不惊奇。
      (3)It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,announced,etc.)+that从句。如:
      It is said that he has gone to America.
      据说他去了美国。
      2.在“及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中,宾语如果是由从句来担任,则通常把宾语放在宾语补足语的后面,而在原来的宾语位置上用引导词it作形式宾语。如:
      I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.
      我已明确表示我决心去执行这个计划。
      3.同位语从句与被说明的词之间有时会有其它成分。如:
      Nobody believes his reason for being absence from the class that he had to meet his uncle at the airport.(reason与同位语从句之间有后置定语for his being absence from the class修饰reason)
      没有人相信他缺课的原因―他不得不在机场接他叔叔。
      Word came that he had won the prize.(word与同位语从句之间有谓语came)
      消息传来他获奖了。
      由以上分析可以看出,what在名词性从句中充当主语,宾语,表语或定语,而that在从句中不作任何成分。
       (河北顺平中学;072250)

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