经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

　经济学专业术语（中英文对照）

　目录 1. 经济学原理 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 2. 像经济学家一样思考 ......................................................................................................................... 2 3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 ................................................................................................................. 3 4. 供给与需求的市场力量 ..................................................................................................................... 3 5. 弹性及其应用 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 6. 供给需求与政策 ................................................................................................................................. 4 7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 ............................................................................................................. 4 8. 赋税的应用 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 9. 国际贸易 ............................................................................................................................................. 5 10. 外部性 ............................................................................................................................................... 5 11. 公共物品和公共资源 ....................................................................................................................... 5 12. 税制设计 ........................................................................................................................................... 5 13. 生产成本 ........................................................................................................................................... 6 14. 竞争市场上的企业 ........................................................................................................................... 7 15. 垄断 ................................................................................................................................................... 7 16. 垄断竞争 ........................................................................................................................................... 7 17. 寡头 ................................................................................................................................................... 7 18. 生产要素市场 ................................................................................................................................... 8 19. 收入与歧视 ....................................................................................................................................... 8 20. 收入不平等与贫困 ........................................................................................................................... 8 21. 消费者选择理论 ............................................................................................................................... 9 22. 微观经济学前沿 ............................................................................................................................... 9 23. 一国收入的衡量 ............................................................................................................................. 10 24. 生活费用的衡量 ............................................................................................................................. 10 25. 生产与增长 ..................................................................................................................................... 10 26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 ................................................................................................................. 11 27. 金融学的基本工具 ......................................................................................................................... 11 28. 失业 ................................................................................................................................................. 12 29. 货币制度 ......................................................................................................................................... 12 30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 ..................................................................................................................... 13 31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 ................................................................................................................. 14 32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 ............................................................................................................. 14 33. 总需求与总供给 ............................................................................................................................. 14 34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 ............................................................................................. 15 35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 ................................................................................................. 15

　1. 经济学原理 经济:(economy) 稀缺性:(scarcity) 经济学:(economics) 效率:(efficiency) 平等:(equality) 机会成本:(opporyunity cost) 理性人:(rational people) 边际变动:(marginal change) 边际收益:(marginal benefit) 边际成本:(marginal cost) 激励:(incentive) 市场经济:(market economy) 产权:(property rights) 市场失灵:(market failure) 外部性:(externality) 市场势力:(market power) 生产率:(productivity) 通货膨胀:(inflation) 经济周期:(business cycle) 2. 像经济学家一样思考 循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram) 生产可能性边界:(production possibilities) 微观经济学:(microeconomics) 宏观经济学:(macroeconomics) 实证表述:(positive statements) 规范表述:(normative statements)

　有序数对:(ordered pair) 3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 绝对优势:(absolute advantage) 机会成本:(apportunity cost) 比较优势:(comparative advantage) 进口品:(imports) 出口品:(exports) 4. 供给与需求的市场力量 市场:(market) 竞争市场:(competitive market) 需求量:(quantity demand) 需求定理:(law of demand) 需求表:(demand schedule) 需求曲线:(demand curve) 正常物品:(normal good) 低档物品:(inferior good) 替代品:(substitutes) 互补品:(complements) 供给量:(quantity supplied) 供给定理:(law of supply) 供给表:(supply schedule) 供给曲线:(supply curve) 均衡:(equilibrium) 均衡价格:(equilibrium price) 均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity) 过剩:(surplus)

　短缺:(shortage) 供求定理:(law of supply and demand) 5. 弹性及其应用 弹性:(elasticity) 需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand) 总收益:(total revenue) 需求收入弹性:(income elasticity) 需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity) 供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply) 6. 供给需求与政策 价格上限:(price ceiling) 价格下限:(price floor) 税收归宿:(tax incidence) 7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 福利经济学:(welfare economics) 支付意愿:(willingness to pay) 消费者剩余:(consumer surplus) 成本:(cost) 生产者剩余:(producer surplus) 效率:(efficiency) 平等:(equality) 8. 赋税的应用 无谓损失:(deadweight loss)

　9. 国际贸易 世界价格:(world price) 关税:(tariff) 10. 外部性 外部性:(externality) 外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality) 矫正税:(corrective taxes) 科斯定理:(coase theorem) 交易成本:(transaction cost) 11. 公共物品和公共资源 排他性:(excludability) 消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption) 私人物品:(private goods) 公共物品:(public goods) 公共资源:(common resources) 俱乐部物品:(club goods) 搭便车者:(free rider) 成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis) 公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons) 12. 税制设计 纳税义务:(tax lianility) 预算赤字:(budget defict) 预算盈余:(budget surplus) 平均税率:(average tax rate)

　边际税率:(marginal tax rate) 定额税:(lump-sum tax) 受益原则:(benefits principle) 支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle) 纵向平等:(vertical equity) 横向平等:(horizontal equity) 比例税:(proportional tax) 累退税:(regressive tax) 累进税:(progressive tax) 13. 生产成本 总收益:(total revenue) 总成本:(total cost) 利润:(profit) 显性成本:(explicit costs) 隐性成本:(implicit costs) 经济利润:(economic profit) 会计利润:(counting profit) 生产函数:(production function) 边际产量:(marginal product) 边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product) 固定成本:(fixed costs) 可变成本:(variable costs) 平均总成本:(average total cost) 平均固定成本:(average fixed costs) 平均可变成本:(average variable costs) 边际成本:(marginal cost) 有效规模:(efficient scale) 规模经济:(economies of scale)

　规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale) 规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14. 竞争市场上的企业 竞争市场:(competitive market) 平均收益:(average revenue) 边际收益:(marginal revenue) 沉没成本:(sunk revenue) 15. 垄断 垄断企业:(monopoly) 自然垄断:(natural monopoly) 价格歧视:(price discrimination) 16. 垄断竞争 寡头:(oligopoly) 垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17. 寡头 博弈论:(game theory) 勾结:(collusion) 卡特尔:(cartel) 纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium) 囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma) 占优策略:(dominant strategy)

　18. 生产要素市场 生产要素:(factors of production) 生产函数:(production function) 劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor) 边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product) 边际产量值:(value of the marginal product) 资本:(capital) 19. 收入与歧视 补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential) 人力资本:(human capital) 工会:(union) 罢工:(strike) 效率工资:(efficiency) 歧视:(discrimination) 20. 收入不平等与贫困 贫困率:(poverty rate) 贫困率:(poverty line) 实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers) 生命周期:(life cycle) 持久收入:(permanent income) 功利主义:(utilitariansm) 效用:(utilitariansm) 自由主义:(liberalism) 最大最小准则:(maximin criterion) 负所得税:(negative income tax)

　福利:(welfare) 社会保险:(social insurance) 自由至上主义:(libertarianism) 21. 消费者选择理论 预算约束线:(budget constraint) 无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve) 边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution) 完全替代品:(perfect substitudes) 完全互补品:(perfect complements) 正常物品:(normal good) 低档物品:(inferior good) 收入效应:(income effect) 替代效应:(substitution effect) 吉芬物品:(Giffen good) 22. 微观经济学前沿 道德风险:(moral hazard) 代理人:(agent) 委托人:(principal) 逆向选择:(adverse selection) 发信号:(signaling) 筛选:(screening) 政治经济学:(political economy) 康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox) 阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility) 中值选民定理:(median vater theorem) 行为经济学:(behavioral economics)

　23. 一国收入的衡量 微观经济学:(microeconomics) 宏观经济学:(macroeconomics) 国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP) 消费:(consumption) 投资:(investment) 政府购买:(government purchase) 净出口:(net export) 名义 GDP:(nominal GDP) 真实 GDP:(real GDP) GDP 平减指数:(GDP deflator) 24. 生活费用的衡量 消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI) 通货膨胀率:(inflation rate) 生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI) 指数化:(indexation) 生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA) 名义利率:(nominal interest rate) 25. 生产与增长 生产率:(productivity) 物质资本:(physical capital) 人力资本:(human capital) 自然资源:(natural resources) 技术知识:(technological knoeledge) 收益递减:(diminishing returns) 追赶效应:(catch-up effect)

　26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 金融体系:(financial system) 金融市场:(financial markets) 债券:(bond) 股票:(stock) 金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries) 共同基金:(mutual fund) 国民储蓄:(national saving) 私人储蓄:(private saving) 公共储蓄:(public saving) 预算盈余:(budget surplus) 预算赤字:(budget deficit) 可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds) 挤出:(crowding out) 27. 金融学的基本工具 金融学:(finance) 现值:(present value) 终值:(future value) 复利:(compounding) 风险厌恶:(risk aversion) 多元化:(diversification) 企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk) 市场风险:(market risk) 基本面风险:(fundamental analysis) 有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis) 信息有效:(informational efficiency) 随机游走:(random walk)

　28. 失业 劳动力:(laborforce) 失业率:(unemployment rate) 劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate) 自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment) 周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment) 失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers) 摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment) 结构性失业:(structural unemployment) 寻找工作:(job search) 失业保险:(unemployment insurance) 工会:(union) 集体谈判:(collective bargaining) 罢工:(strike) 效率工资:(essiciency wages) 29. 货币制度 货币:(money) 交换媒介:(medium of exchange) 计价单位:(unit of account) 价值储藏手段:(store of value) 流动性:(liquidity) 商品货币:(commodity money) 法定货币:(fiat money) 通货:(currency) 活期存款:(demand deposits) 联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve) 中央银行:(central bank)

　货币供给:(money supply) 货币政策:(monetary policy) 准备金:(reserves) 部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking) 准备金率:(reserve ratio) 货币乘数:(money multiplier) 银行资本:(bank capital) 杠杆:(leverage) 杠杆率:(leverage ratio) 资本需要量:(capital requirement) 公开市场操作:(open-market operations) 贴现率:(discount rate) 法定准备金:(reserve requirements) 补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program) 联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate) 30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now) 货币数量论:(quantity theory of money) 名义变量:(nominal variables) 真实变量:(real variables) 古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy) 货币中性:(monetary neutrality) 货币流通速度:(velocity of money) 数量方程式:(quantity equation) 通货膨胀税:(inflation tax) 费雪效应:(Fisher effect) 皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost) 菜单成本:(menu costs)

　31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 封闭经济:(closed economy) 开放经济:(open economy) 出口:(exports) 净出口:(net exports) 贸易余额:(trade balance) 贸易盈余:(trade surplus) 贸易平衡:(balanced trade) 贸易赤字:(trade deficit) 资本净流出:(net capital outflow) 名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate) 升值:(appreciation) 贬值:(depreciation) 真实汇率:(real exchange rate) 购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity) 32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 贸易政策:(trade policy) 资本外逃:(capital flight) 33. 总需求与总供给 衰退:(recession) 萧条:(depression) 总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply) 总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve) 总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve) 自然产出水平:(natural level of output) 滞胀:(stagflation)

　34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity) 财政政策:(fisical policy) 乘数效应:(multiplier effect) 挤出效应:(crowding-out effect) 自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers) 35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve) 自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis) 供给冲击:(supply shock) 牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio) 理性预期:(rational expectations)

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